Assignment 16: Research

I like this one because of all the colors it uses to get your attention. 












I like this one because I like how the artist used the colors to make it  stand out. I also like this one because of how detailed it is.

I like this one because it almost looks like a road map. I like how the artist used all the graphics to come together. 

The Linotype Machine l 1886 AD

Shole's Typewriter.

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter? Christopher Sholes.

What is a "stenographer"? The action or process of writing in shorthand or taking direction.


Post an example of Shole's typewriter.


Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane? To test it.

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine? To make one that would bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page.

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine? Ottmar Mergenthaler.

What is meant by "typesetting"? To arrange or generate the type for a piece of text to be printed.

Linotype Machine.

Post an example of Linotype Machine. 


How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter? It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.

How did this machine change the newspaper industry? It made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.

Linotype Keyboard.

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

Linotype Slug.

 

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today? There was no shift key. 


Post an example of a Linotype slug.


What is a slug? A machine assembled matrices, or molds for the letter forms.

A person working on the
Linotype Machine.

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.


Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type? 

The Gutenberg Press l 1450 AD

Gutenberg Press.

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with? Inventing the technology of printing wit movable type.


Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.


How did the printing press work? Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set black letters held within a wooden from. Form was pressed against a sheet of paper.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books? He didn't like how expensive they were.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type? Because they would spilt in the press.

Movable Type.

Post an example of movable type in a type case. 


What is movable type? The system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document.

What is a matrix? A hard metal punch is hammered into a softer copper bar.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press? An oil-based ink.

What is paper made from? Wood pulp. Where did paper originate? In China.

What is a "substrate"? 
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Yohan Fust. Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? Fust would get the printing press, tools and materials.

The Bible.

What was the first book he printed? The Bible. Post an example of this book. 

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication? Perfected script and made it easier to read, books were made rapidly, current information could be shared locally and around the world, coast of books decreased allowing more people to buy them, the demand grew and the population become literate, people wanted books written in their own language and a greater variety of books, book trade began to flourish as well as industries such as paper making, economies, art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England? William Caxton.

What was the early form of newspapers? Trade newsletters.

When was the first news weekly published? 1704. What was it called? The Boston Letter.

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s? A steam powered rotary press.

1930s Printing Press.

Post an example of a 1930s printing press. 



By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"? The number of printings made at different times from the same set of type.

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Intaglio or printmaking.

Screen Printing Press.

Briefly describe the process? Ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove to excess. Damp paper is placed on top. A press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.

Intaglio Press.

Post an example of an intaglio press. 


What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? In the form os intaglio printing called etching, the plate is covered in a resin ground or an acid-resistant was material. Ink is applied to the surface by wiping and/or dabbing the plate to push the ink into the bitten grooves.


Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.


What is porous printing and how is ink transferred? Its basic stencil process. Ink is forced through open mesh areas.

Lithography Printing Press.

Post an example of a lithography printing press.


What is lithography and how is ink transferred? Drawing, or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. Ink is applied. Ink is spread on top.


Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today? Offset Lithography.

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press? 

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?

Illuminated Manuscripts

 
I really like this one because I like how the designer made the A really huge in comparison to the rest of the design.

I really like this one because I love the design around the text. It catches your attention faster. 

I love this one because of the design around the text. It compliments the text very well. 

Illuminated Manuscripts

 
I really like this one because I like how the designer made the A really huge in comparison to the rest of the design.

I really like this one because I love the design around the text. It catches your attention faster. 

I love this one because of the design around the text. It compliments the text very well. 







































I like this one because of the design around the text. It immediately catches your eye when you look at it. 

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Scroll.

Post an example of a scroll. 


What were the drawbacks of the scroll? The reader must read the text in the order it was written in.

Codex.

Post an example of a codex. 


What is a codex? A covered and bound collection of hand written pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why? 

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"? Random access means thats one can go to any point to find information and sequential access means that one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage.

What were the advantages of using the codex? Compactness, sturdiness and ease of reference and easier to organize in libraries because the title could be written on the spine.

What helped spread the use of the codex? The rise of Christianity.

What replaced papyrus? The parchment. Describe the process used to create it? A substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows. Hair and fat were removed and skin was smoothed out, hide was soaked in water, calcium, flour and salt were added, skin was stretched out, flattened and dried.

What is vellum? A finer qualities of parchment were made from skins of young calves.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex? The Kindle and iPad.

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration ? The Dark Ages.

Illuminated
Manuscript

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.


Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form? Monastic monks.

What does "illumination" refer to? The borders, illustrations and ornamentation added to each page of text.


What was included in this ornamentation? Initials of chapters or paragraphs, paintings in margins and borders and around text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts? Natural guill pens.

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes? Because the work was laborious.

What is craftsmanship? A person who practices or is highly skilled in a craft.

The Roman Alphabet l 7th Century BC

Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet? They used a variant of the Greek alphabet.


What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering? 

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make? The Romans refined several distinct styles of lettering which were used for different purposes. The contributions it made was that a rigid, formal script was used for important manuscripts and official documents, a quicker, informal style was used for letters and routine types of writing.

From where did serifs originate? With the craving of words into stone.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop? 

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?